Izixhobo kunye neMidaniso
A Malay Choir performs at an ANC-sponsored ceremony in District Six, Cape Town (South Africa), 2001. By Henry Trotter via Wikimedia Commons, released into the public domain.
I-VOICE sisixhobo somculo sokuqala esaziwayo nesidala, esisetyenziswa ngokwahlukileyo ukusuka kwilizwekazi ukuya kwilizwekazi kunye nommandla ngengingqi. Ekuhlaleni, yahlulwe ngesimbo saseAfrika sokufowuna kunye nokuphendula kunye ne-karienkel enempembelelo yamaSilamsi.
Goema Drum, Cape Heritage Museum. Photograph by Heidi Erdmann.
IGUBHU LEGOEMA lenziwa ngomphanda osetyenziselwa ukugcina iwayini okanye amanzi enqanaweni enesikhumba sebhaka esitsalwayo esifundiswa kwelinye icala. Ikwabizwa ngokuba yigommie, okanye igom-gom. Yayisisixhobo sokuqala esasetyenziswa kumculo wegoema wamandulo kwaye mhlawumbi senziwa ekuhlaleni.
The Banjo, Cape Heritage Museum. Photograph by Heidi Erdmann.
UBANJO bafike ekapa besuka eMelika behamba nengoma. (I-banjur isuka eNtshona Afrika kwaye yafika ngenqanawa eMelika apho yatshintshwa yaza yaziwa ngokuba yibhanjo). Inokubetha, igobe okanye ixhwilwe. Sesona sixhobo siphambili se-Klopse, i-vastrap kunye ne-boeremusiek bands.
Khoekhoe woman playing upon the ramkie. Drawing by Charles Davidson Bell (1834). From Wikimedia Commons, in the public domain.
I-RAMKIE yitoliko yasekuhlaleni yesixhobo esinentambo esine-single-, esinemigibe emibini okanye emithathu, esincothulwe kunokuba siphululwe, kwaye siphefumlelwe yilute okanye i-ra-ving yemvelaphi yaseIndiya, yesi-Indonesian okanye yaseMadagascan. Ekuqaleni lo mzimba wawuliselwa eliqinileyo, elathi kamva lafakwa endaweni yetoti yeoli laza labizwa ngokuba yi<em>blikkitaar (isiginkci senkcenkce), esasineentambo ezininzi yaye sasidlalwa njengesiginkci. Sesona sixhobo siphambili seKhoekhoen rieldans.
Concertina, by Wiki Taro via Wikimedia Commons, released into public domain.
I-CONCERTINA sisixhobo sengcongolo sasimahla esasungulwa eBritani njengenye indlelaiharmonica okanye ilungu lomlomo ngo-1829. Eyona modeli ixhaphakileyo edlalwe eKoloni yayiyi-boerekonsertina, imodeli esisiseko elinganiselwe ngezitshixo ezibini onokudlala ngazo. Isetyenziswa ikakhulu ngabastrap kunye ne boeremusiek bands.
Minstrels in Cape Town with tambourines. From Wikimedia Commons; licenced under CC BY 2.0
I-TAMBORINE ivela kuMbindi Mpuma kwaye ithunyelwa eYurophu. Isetyenziswa njengomqondiso onesingqisho kunye neqela leKlopse.
Cape minstrels at the Stellenbosch Harvest Parade on 25 January 2014 by HelenOnline via Wikimedia Commons, licenced under CC BY-SA 3.0.
Izixhobo zeBRASS ezifana neesaxophones, amaxilongo kunye neetrombones zafika kunye neMoravian Brass Band kwiSikolo soQeqesho saseGenadendal kwaye kamva amabhendi oMkhosi wosindiso.
Izixhobo ezisetyenziselwa ukwenza umculo zibaluleke kakhulu njengokubetha okanye isantya sengoma: 2:4 (ipolka); 3:4 ( i<em>waltz ); 4:4 okanye 6:8 (umculo kaMatshi kunye nequadrille).
Imijuxuzo
Protea Village, Kirstenbosch in the early 20th century. From Western Cape Archives and Records Service (E 15148),
ILangarm mhlawumbi ichazwa ngcono njengendibano yentlalo kunohlobo oluthile lomculo okanye isimbo somdaniso. ILangarm – elithetha ‘ingalo ende’ – ngumdaniso we-ballroom usebenzisa isimbo se-quadrille. Iiyantlukwano zakwangoko zomculo kukutolikwa kweengoma zejazz ezidumileyo zaseMelika ezidla ngokudlalwa ngokukhawuleza kwivastrap okanye kwisingqi segoema. Intlalontle yeLangarm iqhele ukusingathwa ziindibano ezincinci kwaye zimiliselwe kumculo wobhedu, kunye nesaxophone (edlalwa ngesimbo esithile) njengesixhobo esikhokelayo. Isimbo sabelana ngeempawu kunye ne-vastrap kunye ne-boeremusiek kwaye iyimpembelelo enkulu yeCape Jazz.
The Dark Fantastic & the Light Fantastic, Cape Malays dancing and playing trommel, horn und ramkie, circa 1840. Drawing by Charles Davidson Bell. From Wikimedia Commons.
I-Vastrap yinguqu yomdaniso kunye nokubetha, ngaphezu kokuba luhlobo. Vastrap, elithetha ‘inyathelo eliqinileyo’, kusenokwenzeka ukuba lithatyathwe kwimidaniso yamaKhoekhoen okanye yamaSan. Ngokusekwe kumculo wesintu waseYurophu ofana nepolka okanye i-mazurka, kodwa ngesingqi esicothayo kunye namanyathelo omjuxuzo, kusenokwenzeka ukuba ikhonkco phakathi kwegoema/langarm kunye ne-boeremusiek. Xa kwabonwa okokuqala, ivastrap yayichazwa ‘njengomdaniso weHottentot’ onokuthi ‘wenziwe ngumntu omnye, esebenzisa iintshukumo ezingaqhelekanga zemilenze neenyawo’.
Image courtesy of Alex Bozas.
“Akunakwenzeka ukudlala ivastrap ngaphandle kokuba umntu ukholelwa kumlingo” - u-Alex van Heerden (1974-2009), imvumi eyaxuba iintlobo ngeentlobo zeentlobo nezandi zaseMzantsi Afrika (boeremusiek, goema, vastrap, kunye neriel, phakathi kwazo).
Die Vyf Vastrappers (1926). Photographer unknown. Courtesy of the Tradisionele Boeremusiekklub van Suid-Afrika.
I-Boeremusiek yinzala ye-goema kwaye ngokufanayo idibanisa iimpembelelo zaseYurophu. Ithathwa njengodidi lomculo wasemaphandleni (uguqulelo oluthe ngqo ‘ngumculo wamafama’) onesingqisho sawo esahlukileyo, ekusenokwenzeka ukuba sisiphumo sentsebenziswano phakathi kwamafama amhlophe kunye nabasebenzi bawo abangamakhoboka okanye amaKhoekhoe. I-Boeremusiek ensembles ibonisa i-banjo, isiginci kunye ne-violin, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha i-accordion kunye ne-organ yomlomo, kunye nekhonsathi njengesixhobo esikhokelayo.
Bukela ividiyo yeKlipwerf Orkes, iqela elaziwayo leBoeremusiek eMzantsi Afrika.
Mamela iRusoord Vastrap nguCorrie Els En Sy Orkes ukusuka kwi1960.
Tom Tom dance - Mozambiques and Mixed Race by Charles Davidson Bell, 1830s. John and Charles Bell Heritage Trust Collection (BC686C14), University of Cape Town Libraries.
IRiel kunye neRieldans ngumculo nomdaniso ophuhliswe ngabemi bamaKhoekhoe kulo mmandla. Iingoma zaculwa ngesiBhulu zikhatshwa yiramkie (jonga izixhobo). Ngokwesitayile ikufuphi ne-vastrap kunye ne-boeremusiek kune-goema/langarm kwaye ukhapha lwamva lomculo lwaluyivastrap. Umdaniso kucingelwa ukuba usekwe kwimidaniso yamandulo yama San okanye ama Khoekhoen, iphenjelelwa yi Schottische reel kunye/okanye iquadrille.
