Imbali kunye neMvelaphi yeGoema
"We're putting up the cornerstone for goema. In Brazil everyone plays samba. In Cuba, everyone plays salsa. It doesn't matter what colour they are or where their ancestors come from. Everyone is eventually going to be a goema musician." - Mac McKenzie
The streets are their stage, 1957. Photo by Ray Ryan, from the E. van Z. Hofmeyr & J. Lückhoff Collection (LC98_19b), Iziko Social History Collections.
IGoema* ligama elathiywa kudidi lomculo olwavela eCape of Good Hope ngeminyaka yoo-1800. Ngumculo we-syncretic, okuthetha ukuba yingxubevange yezithethe zomculo ezahlukeneyo ngenxa ye-creolization. Iintlobo ezifanayo ziyi-sega (i-Mauritius), i-maloya (i-Reunion Island), i-samba (eBrazil) unyana kunye ne-salsa (Cuba), i-calypso (i-Trinidad & ne-Tobago) kunye ne-zydeco (eNew Orleans).
I-Creolization yinkqubo yokuxubana kwenkcubeko nolwimi kunye nenguqu eyenzeka xa amaqela ahlukeneyo edibana kwaye esebenzisana. Apha eKoloni, yaba kukudityaniswa komculo neelwimi zabemi bomthonyama, abantu ababekhotyokisiwe okanye abavalelweyo kunye namaqela abantu ababengamakoloniyali.
*ikwapelwe ngokuthi Ghoema, Ghomma kunye neGomma. Lo mboniso we-intanethi unikezelwe kwinkumbulo kaMac McKenzie owabhala iGOEMA ngaphandle kwe-'h'.
Imbali emfutshane
Cape of Good Hope, 1754. Courtesy of the Rijksmuseum (RP-P-1932-480).
I-Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie (VOC) yaseka indawo yokuhlala eKapa leThemba eliHle ngo-1652. Xa i-VOC iqala ukuhla, yafumana ummandla sele unabantu baseKhoekhoe. I-VOC ayizange izame ukukhobokisa abemi bomthonyama, endaweni yoko yathethathethana ngamalungelo kunye nabo.
Enslaved labourer, 1719. From the Parliament of South Africa Collection.
Abasebenzi bobukhoboka bathunyelwa besuka eBatavia, ikoloniyali yeVOC yaseMpuma yeIndiya (ebandakanya unxweme lwaseMalabar lwaseIndiya, iCeylon, iBay of Bengal kunye neziqithi zeziqithi zaseIndonesia), kunye nakunxweme olusempuma lweAfrika naseMadagascar. Ukungeniswa kwamanye amazwe kwabasebenzi abangamakhoboka kwaqhubeka de kwapheliswa ngowe-1834, ngelo xesha elo thanga laliphantsi kolawulo lwaseBritani.
Malay and Malay Priests - Cape flats - Table Mountain in the distance by Charles Davidson Bell, 1830s. John and Charles Bell Heritage Trust Collection (BC686), Special Collections of the University of Cape Town Libraries.
I-VOC ikwasebenzisa iKapa njengethanga apho bagxothela khona amabanjwa ezopolitiko, amaxesha amaninzi iiShaykhs kunye neeCaliphs eBatavia. Amabanjwa anjalo ayengakhululekanga, engazange abe ngamakhoboka, kodwa inzala yawo namahlakani awo ayekhululekile yaye ayesaziwa ngokuba ziiMardijkers, inguqulelo yesiDatshi yegama lesiMalay elithi ‘merdeka’, ntlandlolo elithetha ‘unamandla’, kodwa ngoku elithetha ‘inkululeko’.
Green Market Square, early 19th century. From a sketch by Charles D'Oyly, 16 April 1832. Western Cape Archives and Records Service (A 2999).
IiBurghers zasimahla kunye nezo zazisebenzela iVOC yayingabantu baseDatshi kunye neJamani. Kamva athelelwa ziimbacu zamaProtestanti zaseFransi ezaziwa ngokuba ngamaHuguenot.
La maqela ahlukeneyo abemi adlale indima ebalulekileyo ekudalweni kwenkcubeko yecreole eyahlukileyo kwikoloni yaseKapa. Kuyabonakala kukutya, kwindlela yokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo, kulwimi lwesiBhulu nakumculo.
Imvelaphi Nophuhliso
Canteen Scene during the Frontier Wars showing Khoekhoe dancers and Members of Cape Mounted Rifles, painting by W.H.F.L. Langschmidt, circa 1850. From Wikimedia Commons.
Inyathelo lokuqala lenkqubo ye-creolisation yi-métissage - ukudibanisa iinkcubeko ezikhoyo: amaKhoekhoe, ama-Indo-Malay, ama-Afrika kunye namaYurophu. Le nkqubo yaqala ngokukhawuleza emva kokusekwa kwekoloni. Akwaziwa ukuba ngubani owasebenzisa eli gama kuqala, kodwa iGoema yasekwa xa zonke ezi zandi zahlukeneyo zadityaniswa.
Painting of CSS Alabama (1862-1864) by Rear Admiral J.W. Schmidt. From Wikimedia Commons.
Iingoma zokuqala zegoema zaziwa njenge goemaliedjies. UDaar Kom Die Alibama (umqambi ongaziwayo), owaqala ngo-1863, wamkelwa njengengoma yokuqala enjalo. Ikwayingoma yokuqala eyaziwayo yolwimi lwesiBhulu, ebalisa ngembali yomkhosi waseMelika oManyeneyo, iCSS Alabama, eyamisa ngaphaya eKapa.
Cofa apha ukujonga ividiyo "Daar Kom Die Alibama".
Illustration of the L'été ("summer") figure of the quadrille dance, a print engraved by Lebas (1818). From Wikimedia Commons.
I-quadrille yesiFrentshi, eyafika kwikoloni ngexesha elifutshane kodwa elibalulekileyo leRiphabhliki yaseBatavian Era (1803 -1806,) mhlawumbi yayiyeyokuqala kwimidaniso yaseYurophu ukuphembelela umculo wendawo owenziweyo.
People listening to music, Botanic Gardens, Cape Town. Western Cape Archives and Records Service (M2/691).
Inqanaba lesibini le-métissage kunye nolwabiwo lwenzeka ngexesha lolawulo lwaseBritane. Urhulumente waseBritane akazange akuthintele ukusetyenziswa kolwimi lwesiDatshi nesiBhulu, kwaye akazange azame nokuphazamisa inkcubeko yomculo kwikoloni yaseKapa. Endaweni yoko, umculo waseKapa wadibana neempembelelo ezintsha. Okokuqala nge-waltz, ipolka kunye ne-mazurka, kwaye kamva ngeengoma kunye neengoma zaseBhritane neCeltic, amaculo (ngezithunywa zevangeli), iibhendi zobhedu zaseMoravian kunye neSalvation Army, kunye nezibhendi zasemkhosini zokumatsha.
J. H. Haverly's Genuine Negro Minstrel & Jubilee Company, Recruits for Gilmore, playing at Her Majesty's Theater, c. 1878. Artwork by Matt Morgan. From Wikimedia Commons.
Iinkampani zaseMelika zeminstrel zaqala ukufika kwikoloniyali yaseKapa kwangoko ngo-1830. Ekuqaleni ezi yayiziimvumi ezimhlophe ezazicula nge-blackface. UMinstrelsy wathatha ihlabathi, kuquka neBritani ngokwayo, ngesaqhwithi kwaye waba nefuthe elikhulu kwimisebenzi yenkcubeko kuyo yonke indawo. Kamva, iingoma ezimhlophe/ezimnyama zatshintshwa ngabadlali base-Afrika baseMelika, ababebizwa ngokuba ziimvumi zejubilee. Iimvumi zikaMcAdoo zeVirginia Jubilee yayiliqela elinjalo.
Le métissage entsha yaseKapa yathunyelwa kumazwe angaphakathi njengoko iBritane yayithimba imimandla emitsha kwaye yadlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuyilweni kweentlobo ezaziwayo kamva, ezifana nemarabi kunye ne-kwela.
